ostéoporose idiopathique
type 1 femme prost ménauposée
type 2 femme et homme
perte d'os trabéculaire et corticale
ossification des ligaments du rachis = "coulée de bougie"
hyperostose diffuses = ossification enthèses insertion ligamentaires "exubérant"
l. exuberare « abonder, déborder »
la cause est inconnue
Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis
(DISH or Forestier's Disease)
Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is considered a form of degenerative arthritis or osteoarthritis. However, DISH is characterized by unique, flowing calcification along the sides of the contiguous vertebrae of the spine. And, very unlike typical degenerative arthritis, it's also commonly associated with inflammation (tendinitis) and calcification of tendons at their attachments points to bone. This can lead to the formation of bone spurs, such as heel spurs. In fact, heel spurs are common among individuals with DISH. DISH has also been called Forestier's disease.
os "coulée" est 'deux fois plus costaud' que l'os corticale normale. hypertose reste alors que le rachis est mangé
Friday, December 7, 2012
Arthrose
arthrose = pas de standards pour parler de la sévérité
détérioration/érosion du cartilage plutôt après 45 ans, 80% des cas après 70ans
primitive = idiopathique
secondaire = trauma activités infection inflammation
causes = age, genetique, surpoids, autres...
ostéophytose périarticulaire 'lipping'
= too much pressure on bad articulation = l'organisme essaie d'augmenter la surface de contacte pour reduire la pression sur la zone de contacte.
pitting = microporosités
éburnation = polissage ivory-like
sillons
remodelage de la surface articulaire
L'ankylose (du grec αγκυλος, tordu, de travers) est une fixation et une immobilité d'une articulation, ayant pour origine une blessure ou une maladie.
stade ultime de l'arthrose = fusion des os
détérioration/érosion du cartilage plutôt après 45 ans, 80% des cas après 70ans
primitive = idiopathique
secondaire = trauma activités infection inflammation
causes = age, genetique, surpoids, autres...
ostéophytose périarticulaire 'lipping'
= too much pressure on bad articulation = l'organisme essaie d'augmenter la surface de contacte pour reduire la pression sur la zone de contacte.
pitting = microporosités
éburnation = polissage ivory-like
sillons
remodelage de la surface articulaire
L'ankylose (du grec αγκυλος, tordu, de travers) est une fixation et une immobilité d'une articulation, ayant pour origine une blessure ou une maladie.
stade ultime de l'arthrose = fusion des os
Thursday, December 6, 2012
Tattersall 2000
Harking back to Weidenreich 13 and his belief that each of today’s human “races” has roots deep in time (“Java Man” having given rise to modern aboriginal Australians, for example, and “Peking Man” to modern Chinese), multiregional continuity in its most recent incarnation claims that all evolutionary developments in the hominid line subsequent to Homo habilis (whatever that is) have taken place within the single species Homo sapiens.p.4
Tattersall I. (2000). Paleoanthropology : the last half-century. Evolutionary Anthropology 9(1): 2-16.
The emboldened text is a weasley way to set up a straw-man. Nobody thinks that, as it implies that they evolved seperately.
Monday, December 3, 2012
Paléodemographie
"La restitution des structures par âges et par sexes à partir de l’étude anthropologique des cimetières." -Masset 1990
Intégration via profil paléodemographique
-Représentativité?
Intégration via profil paléodemographique
-Représentativité?
Saturday, November 17, 2012
H. sapiens and H. neanderthalensis
Evolution in the Genus Homo
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
Vol. 42: 47-69 (Volume publication date December 2011)
First published online as a Review in Advance on August 11, 2011
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102209-144653
There is a long-standing debate about whether H. sapiens arose in Africa and then migrated across the globe, replacing any and all premodern Homo populations, or whether these various migrations of modern humans engaged in significant levels (i.e., detectable genetically or morphologically) of interbreeding with the preexisting premodern Homo populations (e.g., Relethford 2001, Stringer 2002). The multiregional continuity hypothesis argues that once H. sapiens left Africa, significant gene flow took place between them and the hominins they encountered (Wolpoff et al. 2000) and that, moreover, this gene flow influenced the nature of regional variations in morphology seen among extant populations of H. sapiens. The strong version of the recent out-of-Africa model also posits that H. sapiens arose in Africa, but it suggests that no significant gene flow took place between them and the hominins they encountered beyond Africa. In the past two decades most of the genetic evidence has favored the recent out-of-Africa hypothesis. A seminal study from Allan Wilson's lab (Cann et al. 1987) suggested that the common ancestor of all (maternally inherited) modern mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lived in Africa approximately 200 ka, and studies investigating the evolutionary history of the paternally inherited Y chromosome suggested that the last common ancestor of modern humans lived well within the past 100 ka (Karafet et al. 2008, Thomson et al. 2000). Investigations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and autosomal microsatellites indicate that genetic diversity is highest in Africa and steadily decreases as the distance from the continent increases (Prugnolle et al. 2005, Ramachandran et al. 2005), and prior to 2010 research on mtDNA had not revealed any evidence of admixture (Briggs et al. 2009, Jakobsson et al. 2008, Krings et al. 1997, Serre et al. 2004, Tishkoff et al. 2009).
This perspective was challenged in 2010 with the publication of the draft sequence of the nuclear genome reconstructed from DNA recovered from three H. neanderthalensis fossils from Vindija Cave in Croatia (Green et al. 2010). This study also found that all of the H. sapiens DNA samples tested (with the notable exception of those from Africa) contained between 1% and 4% of the distinctive DNA sequence recovered from Neanderthal fossils. By identifying and analyzing SNPs between the two groups of genomes, the researchers discovered that Neanderthal DNA is significantly closer to non-African modern human DNA than it is to African DNA, and statistical analysis of the gene flow led the researchers to argue that the gene flow was from Neanderthals to the ancestors of non-African modern humans. This evidence suggests that once early anatomically modern humans left Africa, some interbreeding did occur with the indigenous groups of Neanderthals they encountered, conceivably in the Middle East before modern humans moved into Eurasia and prior to the divergence of the European, East Asian, and Papuan groups. These new data are consistent with the assimilation hypothesis espoused by Fred Smith (Smith 1985; Smith et al. 1989, 2005; Trinkaus & Smith 1985). As new evidence accumulates, the theory of modern human origins will most likely move away from a simple recent out-of-Africa explanation to a more intricate and sophisticated account in which several different groups of ancestors lived in pockets around the globe.
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
Vol. 42: 47-69 (Volume publication date December 2011)
First published online as a Review in Advance on August 11, 2011
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102209-144653
There is a long-standing debate about whether H. sapiens arose in Africa and then migrated across the globe, replacing any and all premodern Homo populations, or whether these various migrations of modern humans engaged in significant levels (i.e., detectable genetically or morphologically) of interbreeding with the preexisting premodern Homo populations (e.g., Relethford 2001, Stringer 2002). The multiregional continuity hypothesis argues that once H. sapiens left Africa, significant gene flow took place between them and the hominins they encountered (Wolpoff et al. 2000) and that, moreover, this gene flow influenced the nature of regional variations in morphology seen among extant populations of H. sapiens. The strong version of the recent out-of-Africa model also posits that H. sapiens arose in Africa, but it suggests that no significant gene flow took place between them and the hominins they encountered beyond Africa. In the past two decades most of the genetic evidence has favored the recent out-of-Africa hypothesis. A seminal study from Allan Wilson's lab (Cann et al. 1987) suggested that the common ancestor of all (maternally inherited) modern mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lived in Africa approximately 200 ka, and studies investigating the evolutionary history of the paternally inherited Y chromosome suggested that the last common ancestor of modern humans lived well within the past 100 ka (Karafet et al. 2008, Thomson et al. 2000). Investigations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and autosomal microsatellites indicate that genetic diversity is highest in Africa and steadily decreases as the distance from the continent increases (Prugnolle et al. 2005, Ramachandran et al. 2005), and prior to 2010 research on mtDNA had not revealed any evidence of admixture (Briggs et al. 2009, Jakobsson et al. 2008, Krings et al. 1997, Serre et al. 2004, Tishkoff et al. 2009).
This perspective was challenged in 2010 with the publication of the draft sequence of the nuclear genome reconstructed from DNA recovered from three H. neanderthalensis fossils from Vindija Cave in Croatia (Green et al. 2010). This study also found that all of the H. sapiens DNA samples tested (with the notable exception of those from Africa) contained between 1% and 4% of the distinctive DNA sequence recovered from Neanderthal fossils. By identifying and analyzing SNPs between the two groups of genomes, the researchers discovered that Neanderthal DNA is significantly closer to non-African modern human DNA than it is to African DNA, and statistical analysis of the gene flow led the researchers to argue that the gene flow was from Neanderthals to the ancestors of non-African modern humans. This evidence suggests that once early anatomically modern humans left Africa, some interbreeding did occur with the indigenous groups of Neanderthals they encountered, conceivably in the Middle East before modern humans moved into Eurasia and prior to the divergence of the European, East Asian, and Papuan groups. These new data are consistent with the assimilation hypothesis espoused by Fred Smith (Smith 1985; Smith et al. 1989, 2005; Trinkaus & Smith 1985). As new evidence accumulates, the theory of modern human origins will most likely move away from a simple recent out-of-Africa explanation to a more intricate and sophisticated account in which several different groups of ancestors lived in pockets around the globe.
The last Homo heidelbergensis and their descendants the Neandertals: Orgnac 3, Lazaret and Zafarraya dating
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/10.1016/j.crpv.2011.06.002
This article presents the dating results recently obtained on three archaeological sites in Europe. At Orgnac 3 (Ardèche, France) from where the last Homo heidelbergensis fossils are associated with the first evidence of levallois technique, two speleothem formations from the 5b–6–7th layers were U-Th dated with MC-ICPMS, giving an age range of 319–255 ka (2σ) (MIS 8–9), while the volcanic ash-bearing second layer was dated by 40Ar/39Ar, obtaining a preliminary date of 308.2 ± 6.8 ka (2σ). The combined ESR/U-Th dating of red deer enamel teeth from Lazaret cave (Alpes-Maritimes, France) attributed ages of 120–190 ka to the Acheulean and pre-Mousterian layers (MIS 6), which is in agreement with previous TIMS U-Th dates between 108 and 44 ka on calcite samples from the overlying TRA trench (MIS 5, 4, 3). At Zafarraya (Andalousie, Espagne), a number of 14C measurements on charcoal samples as well as combined ESR/U-Th dates on Capra and Equus dental enamels assigned the Mousterian artefacts and neandertalian fossils-bearing deposits an age interval between 42 and 34 ka (MIS 3).
This article presents the dating results recently obtained on three archaeological sites in Europe. At Orgnac 3 (Ardèche, France) from where the last Homo heidelbergensis fossils are associated with the first evidence of levallois technique, two speleothem formations from the 5b–6–7th layers were U-Th dated with MC-ICPMS, giving an age range of 319–255 ka (2σ) (MIS 8–9), while the volcanic ash-bearing second layer was dated by 40Ar/39Ar, obtaining a preliminary date of 308.2 ± 6.8 ka (2σ). The combined ESR/U-Th dating of red deer enamel teeth from Lazaret cave (Alpes-Maritimes, France) attributed ages of 120–190 ka to the Acheulean and pre-Mousterian layers (MIS 6), which is in agreement with previous TIMS U-Th dates between 108 and 44 ka on calcite samples from the overlying TRA trench (MIS 5, 4, 3). At Zafarraya (Andalousie, Espagne), a number of 14C measurements on charcoal samples as well as combined ESR/U-Th dates on Capra and Equus dental enamels assigned the Mousterian artefacts and neandertalian fossils-bearing deposits an age interval between 42 and 34 ka (MIS 3).
Dating Homo heidelbergensis at Mauer, Germany
Mauer – the type site of Homo heidelbergensis: palaeoenvironment and age
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.01.013
The mandible of Homo heidelbergensis was found 1907 in the sand pit Grafenrain at Mauer in coarse fluvial sands 24 m below the surface, deposited in a former course of the Neckar River. These ‘Mauer sands’ are overlain by a series of glacial-climate loess deposits with intercalated interglacial palaeosols, which can be correlated with Quaternary climate history, thus indicating an early Middle Pleistocene age for H. heidelbergensis. The ‘Mauer sands’ are famous for their rather rich mammal fauna, which clearly indicates interglacial climate conditions. The faunal evidence – in particular the micromammals – place the ‘Mauer sands’ into MIS 15 or MIS 13 although most stratigraphic arguments favour correlation to MIS 15 and therefore to an age of ca 600 ka.
Radiometric dating of the type-site for Homo heidelbergensis at Mauer, Germany
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1012722107
Here we show that two independent techniques, the combined electron spin resonance/U-series method used with mammal teeth and infrared radiofluorescence applied to sand grains, date the type-site of Homo heidelbergensis at Mauer to 609 ± 40 ka. This result demonstrates that the mandible is the oldest hominin fossil reported to date from central and northern Europe and raises questions concerning the phyletic relationship of Homo heidelbergensis to more ancient populations documented from southern Europe and in Africa.
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.01.013
The mandible of Homo heidelbergensis was found 1907 in the sand pit Grafenrain at Mauer in coarse fluvial sands 24 m below the surface, deposited in a former course of the Neckar River. These ‘Mauer sands’ are overlain by a series of glacial-climate loess deposits with intercalated interglacial palaeosols, which can be correlated with Quaternary climate history, thus indicating an early Middle Pleistocene age for H. heidelbergensis. The ‘Mauer sands’ are famous for their rather rich mammal fauna, which clearly indicates interglacial climate conditions. The faunal evidence – in particular the micromammals – place the ‘Mauer sands’ into MIS 15 or MIS 13 although most stratigraphic arguments favour correlation to MIS 15 and therefore to an age of ca 600 ka.
Radiometric dating of the type-site for Homo heidelbergensis at Mauer, Germany
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1012722107
Here we show that two independent techniques, the combined electron spin resonance/U-series method used with mammal teeth and infrared radiofluorescence applied to sand grains, date the type-site of Homo heidelbergensis at Mauer to 609 ± 40 ka. This result demonstrates that the mandible is the oldest hominin fossil reported to date from central and northern Europe and raises questions concerning the phyletic relationship of Homo heidelbergensis to more ancient populations documented from southern Europe and in Africa.
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